Torticollis And Physiotherapy Treatment Overview :

TORTICOLIS 

Torticollis 

Torticolis is a condition ( Also Called ‘wryneck’) in which the baby’s head is tilted One Side. The head often rotates towards one shoulder and tilts away to the opposite side. The term ‘congenital’ is also sometime used when describing From Birth torticollis. This means that it is present at or shortly after birth. Babies treated early with physiotherapy programmes usually Give Good Result to treatment.

Torticollis is a symptom related to turning or bending of the neck one side . Many different causes are possible. In newborns, torticollis usually results from injury during labor and delivery or the infant’s position in the womb. Less often, it is caused by birth defects. In older children, torticollis may result from injuries to the neck muscles, common infections, or other causes.
Painful spasms of the neck muscles may occur.
Other symptoms may be present, depending on the cause. For example, there may be a tender lymph node (gland) if the cause is infection.

TYPES:

• Congenital torticolis.
• Acquired torticolis.

Acquired torticolis

ANATOMY:

The normal physiologic range of rotation of the atlas on the axis is 25-53 degrees to either side. The transverse ligament is the primary stabilizer of the atlantoaxial joint and prevents excessive anterior motion of the atlas on the axis. It extends behind the dens, between the medial portions of the lateral masses of C1. The paired alar ligaments act as secondary stabilizers to prevent anterior shift. The alar ligaments extend from the lateral aspect of the dens tip to the medial aspect of the occipital condyles, with a lower portion attaching to the medial aspect of the lateral masses of C1.

The sternocleidomastoid muscle has a sternal and clavicular head. The sternal head is directed from the manubrium sterni superiorly, laterally and posteriorly and the clavicular from the medial third of the clavicle vertically upward. It runs to the mastoid process. It enables an ipsilateral lateral flexion and a contralateral rotation. The muscle extends the upper part of the cervical spine and flexes the lower part.

ETIOLOGY:

Muscular in more than 80% of the cases. Types muscular torticollis
          - Fibromatosis colli: torticollis with palpable mass in the SCM;
          - Tightness of the SCM without an apparent mass;
Postural torticollis with neither mass or tightness.
Birth trauma: facet dislocation, tears in the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Congenital anomalies of the craniovertebral junction: occipitoatlantal fusion or Klippel-Feil syndrome.
Sternocleidomastoid tumour.
Ocular abnormalities.
Intrauterine mechanical factors

CAUSES:

Congenital Torticollis 

Sitting or sleeping in an unusual position without adequate neck support.
Poor posture when looking at a computer screen.
Carrying heavy unbalanced loads (for example, a briefcase or shopping bag).
Allowing certain muscles of the neck to be exposed to cold (sleeping in a draught).

SYMPTOMS:

SternocleidoMustoid Muscle 

The twisting of your neck (torticollis) occurs when your muscles supporting the neck on one side are painful.
The pain is usually on one side of your neck and stiffness of the muscles in that area twists the neck to one side. You may find it very difficult when you try to straighten your neck, due to pain. Occasionally, the pain is in the middle of your neck.

The pain may spread to the back of your head or to your shoulder. The muscles of your affected side may be tender. Pressure on certain areas may trigger a 'spasm' of these muscles. Movement of your neck is restricted, particularly on one side.


DIAGNOSIS:

A thorough neurologic examination should be performed, and anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the cervical spine should be obtained. A CT scan or MRI of the head and neck is necessary for any patient with persistent neck pain or with neurologic signs and symptoms.

TREATMENTS:

Medicines:
Pain killer are often helpful. such as,
Paracetamol at strength is often sufficient.
Anti inflammatory painkillers.
A stronger pain killer such codeine.
A muscle relaxant such as diazepam.

Other treatments such as:
Rest.
A good posture.
A firm supporting pillow.
Heat pack.

PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENTS AND EXERCISES:

Exercise In Sternocleidomustoid Muscle

• Positioning.
• Gentle range of motion exercises for neck.
• Stretching of sternocleido mastoid muscle.
• Strengthening exercises.
• Activities to encourage active head movement.
• Visual tracking.
• Lateral head tilt.
• Therapy ball exercises.
• Side sitting exercises.
• Hands and knees.
• Kneeling to standing.
• Assisted rolling.
• Proper sidelying.

Torticollis treatment at home for babies:

The best method of torticollis treatment is to encourage your baby to turn his or her head in both directions. This will help to loosen tense neck muscles and tighten the loose ones. Here are some exercises to try:
When your baby wants to eat, offer the bottle or your breast in a way that encourages your baby to turn away from the favored side. (Use your child's desire to eat to encourage him or her along!)
When putting your baby down to sleep, position him or her to face the wall. Since babies prefer to look out onto the room, your baby will actively turn away from the wall and this will stretch the tightened muscles of the neck. 
During play, draw your baby's attention with toys and sounds to make him or her turn in both directions.


Other Deformity Related Article:

CTEV Detail

 

 Radial Nerve Palsy

Parkinsonism Disease And Exercise :

Parkinsonism Disease and Physiotherapy Treatment: 

Parkinsonism Disease 

Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.
Parkinsonism is any condition that causes a combination of the movement abnormalities seen in Parkinson's disease — such as tremor, slow movement, impaired speech or muscle stiffness — especially resulting from the loss of dopamine-containing nerve cells (neurons).

Parkinsonism disease (PD) is a degenerative, progressive disorder that affects nerve cells in deep parts of the brain called the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra. Nerve cells in the substantia nigra produce the neurotransmitter dopamine and are responsible for relaying messages that plan and control body movement. For reasons not yet understood, the dopamine-producing nerve cells of the substantia nigra begin to die off in some individuals. When 80 percent of dopamine is lost, PD symptoms such as tremor, slowness of movement, stiffness, and balance problems occur.
Body movement is controlled by a complex chain of decisions involving inter-connected groups of nerve cells called ganglia. Information comes to a central area of the brain called the striatum, which works with the substantia nigra to send impulses back and forth from the spinal cord to the brain. The basal ganglia and cerebellum are responsible for ensuring that movement is carried out in a smooth, fluid manner.

STAGES:

Stages Of Parkinsonism Disease

1st STAGE  - A Person usually has mild symptoms, such as tremors or shaking in a limb.Change such as poor posture, loss of balance,and abnormal facial expressions.

2nd STAGE  - Symptoms affect both limbs and both sides of the body. The person has usually has problem walking or balancing, and the inability to complete physical tasks becomes more apparent.

3rd STAGE  - Symptoms can be severe and include the inability to walk straight or stand. there is a noticeable slowing of physical movements.

4th STAGE  - The ability to walk is often limited.

5th STAGE - The Person is often unable to take care of herself and may not be able to stand or walk .she may need constant one on one nursing care.


CAUSES:-

Brain injury
Diffuse Lewy body disease (a type of dementia)
Encephalitis
HIV/AIDS
Meningitis
Multiple system atrophy
Progressive supranuclear palsy
Stroke
Wilson disease

Other causes of secondary parkinsonism include:

Brain damage caused by anesthesia drugs (such as during surgery)
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Certain medicines used to treat mental disorders or nausea
Mercury poisoning and other chemical poisonings
Overdoses of narcotics
MPTP (a contaminant in some street drugs) 

SYMPTOMS:

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease differ from person to person. They also change as the disease progresses.
Symptoms typically begin appearing between the ages of 50 and 60. They develop slowly and often go unnoticed by family, friends, and even the person who has them.
The most common one is tremor.
Tremor. A tremor, or shaking, usually begins in a limb, often your hand or fingers. You may notice a back-and-forth rubbing of your thumb and forefinger, known as a pill-rolling tremor. One characteristic of Parkinson's disease is a tremor of your hand when it is relaxed (at rest).
Slowed movement (bradykinesia). Over time, Parkinson's disease may reduce your ability to move and slow your movement, making simple tasks difficult and time-consuming. Your steps may become shorter when you walk, or you may find it difficult to get out of a chair. Also, you may drag your feet as you try to walk, making it difficult to move.
Rigid muscles. Muscle stiffness may occur in any part of your body. The stiff muscles can limit your range of motion and cause you pain.
Impaired posture and balance. Your posture may become stooped, or you may have balance problems as a result of Parkinson's disease.
Loss of automatic movements. In Parkinson's disease, you may have a decreased ability to perform unconscious movements, including blinking, smiling or swinging your arms when you walk.
Speech changes. You may have speech problems as a result of Parkinson's disease. You may speak softly, quickly, slur or hesitate before talking. Your speech may be more of a monotone rather than with the usual inflections.
Writing changes. It may become hard to write, and your writing may appear small.

Stepping Examination Of Parkinson's Disease

DIAGNOSIS:

Computed tomography (CT) scans of people with PD usually appear normal.
MRI has become more accurate in diagnosis of the disease over time, specifically through iron-sensitive T2* and SWI sequences at a magnetic field strength of at least 3T, both of which can demonstrate absence of the characteristic 'swallow tail' imaging pattern in the dorsolateral substantia nigra.

MEDICAL TREATMENT:

Balancing Exercise

Carbidopa-levodopa. 
Carbidopa-levodopa infusion. 
Dopamine agonists. 
MAO-B inhibitors.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors. 
Anticholinergics.
Amantadine.

PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENT:

Treatment In Parkinsonism Disease

GOAL  OF PHYSIOTHERAPY-

Maintain and improve levels of function and independence, which will help to improve a person’s quality of life
Use exercise and movement strategies to improve mobility
Correct and improve abnormal movement patterns and posture, where possible
Maximise muscle strength and joint flexibility
Correct and improve posture and balance, and minimise risks of falls
Maintain a good breathing pattern and effective cough
Educate the person with Parkinson’s and their carer or family members
Enhance the effects of drug therapy

Gait Training In Parkinson Disease

TREATMENT PLAN:

Visual cueing – a focus point to step over and initiate gait; strips of tape on the floor to initiate or continue walking through areas that cause slowing or freezing
Auditory cueing – counting 1-2-3 to initiate walking; stepping to the beat of a metronome or specific music at a specified cadence to continue the rhythm of a walk
Attention – Thinking about taking a big step; making a wider arc turn
Proprioceptive cueing – rocking from side to side ready to initiate a step; taking one step backwards as a cue ready to then walk forwards.

Gait Training 2 In Parkinson's Disease

Hallux Valgus Deformity And Physiotherapy treatment- exercise:

Hallux Valgus Deformity

Hallux valgus is a progressive foot deformity in which the first metatarso-phalangeal (MTP) joint is affected and is often accompanied with significant functional disability and foot pain.

CAUSES:-

Hallux Valgus in Lower Limb Foot 

Bunions are a widespread foot ailment that can be caused by a number of factors including genetics 
Excess weight gain,
Activity level, and
Ill-fitting shoes. 
Other less common causes of bunions include trauma to the
MTP joint (sprains, fractures, and nerve injuries), 
Neuromuscular disorders,
Limb-length discrepancies.
Some studies report that bunions tend to occur ten times more frequently in women than in men, primarily as the result of wearing narrow, pointy, tight fitting, and/or high-heeled shoes over a significant period of time. Repetitive stresses to the foot can also cause bunions.

SYMPTOMS:-

Hallux Valgus 

Your big toe points toward your second toe, or your second toe overlaps your big toe
A prominent bump on the inside of the MTP or big toe joint
Pain on the inside of your foot at the big toe joint when wearing any kind of shoe
Pain each time the big toe flexes when walking
Redness, swelling , or thickening of the skin on the inside of the big toe joint

DIAGNOSIS:-

Radiographic exmatination show the angle formed between longitudinal bisection of the 1st Metatarsal and proximal phalanx.
A big toe position with an angle of up to 10° is still considered normal.
A minor hallux valgus defect is 16-20°.
A moderate hallux valgus deformity has a deviation of 16-40°.
A severe hallux valgus deformity has a deviation of over 40°.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will detect cartilage damage, trapped soft tissue and bone damage.

PHYSIOTHERAPY TREATMENT:

Exercise In Hallux Valgus

Adjusted footwear with wider and deeper tip
Increase extension of MTP joint
Relieve weight-bearing stresses (orthosis)
Sesamoid Mobilization:The physical therapist performs grade III joint mobilizations on the medial and lateral sesamoid of the affected first MPJ. One thumb is placed on the proximal aspect of the sesamoid and is used to apply a force from proximal to distal that causes the sesamoid to reach the end range of motion (distal glides). These are performed with large-amplitude rhythmic oscillations. No greater than 20° of movement of the MPJ should be allowed during the technique.

Splinting In Hallux Valgus 

Strengthening of peroneus longus

Electrotherapy Modalities - Ultrasound, ice, Electrical stimulation, MTJ mobilizations and exercises. This is more effective than physical therapy alone. The combination will result in a increase in ROM of the MTP joint, strength and function, and also a decrease in pain . 
Pain is the main reason that patients seek treatment for a bunion. Inflammation is best eased using ice therapy, techniques (e.g. soft tissue massage, acupuncture, unloading taping techniques) or exercises that unload the inflamed structures. Anti-inflammatory medications may help. Orthotics can also be used to offload the bunion. 

For Restoring the Normal Joint Of Motion -

Physiotherapy Exercise In Hallux Valgus

• Joint mobilisation (abduction and flexion) and alignment techniques (between the first and the second metatarsal)
• Massage
• Muscle and joint stretches
• Taping
• Bunion splint or orthotics
• bunion stretch and soft tissue release.

Tapping Technique In Hallux Valgus

For Strengthening Of Muscles -

Towel curls The patient spreads out a small towel on the floor, curling his/her toes around it and pulling the towel towards them. 
The ends of the band are either held by an assistant or secured against an immovable object (e.g. a table leg). The patient then dorsiflexes the ankle, pulling "towards their nose," working against the resistance of the band. 

Tennis Elbow And Physiotherapy Treatment :

LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS ( TENNIS ELBOW ) :

Tennis Elbow 

Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, is a painful condition of the elbow caused by overuse.
Tennis elbow is an inflammation of the tendons that join the forearm muscles on the outside of the elbow. The forearm muscles and tendons become damaged from overuse — repeating the same motions again and again. This leads to pain and tenderness on the outside of the elbow.
There are many treatment options for tennis elbow. In most cases, treatment involves a team approach. Primary doctors, physical therapists, and, in some cases, surgeons work together to provide the most effective care.

ANATOMY: 

Anatomy Of Muscle And Joint

Elbow joint is a joint made up of three bones: upper arm bone (humerus) and the two bones in forearm (radius and ulna). There are bony bumps at the bottom of the humerus called epicondyles. The bony bump on the outside (lateral side) of the elbow is called the lateral epicondyle.
Muscles, ligaments, and tendons hold the elbow joint together.
Lateral epicondylitis, or tennis elbow, involves the muscles and tendons of forearm. Forearm muscles extend wrist and fingers. Forearm tendons — often called extensors — attach the muscles to bone. They attach on the lateral epicondyle. The tendon usually involved in tennis elbow is called the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB).

CAUSES:

• Overuse.
• Activities.
• Age.
• Unknown.

PAIN PHASES:

• Phase 0: No pain or soreness. 
• Phase 1: Soreness after activity, usually gone in twenty-four hours.
• Phase 2: Mild stiffness and soreness before activity which disappears with warm-up. No pain during activity, but mild soreness after activity that disappears within 24 hours. 
• Phase 3: Mild/moderate stiffness and soreness plus mild pain during activity which does not alter activity.
• Phase 4: Pain during activity which alters activity.
• Phase 5: Constant pain even at rest.

SYMPTOMS:

• Diffuse achiness.
• Morning stiffness.
• Occasional night pain.
• Dropping of objects/ weak grip strength.
• Pain with palpation of lateral epicondyle.
• Pain with active or resisted extension.
• Pain with grasping objects with the effected hand.
• Pain or tenderness on the outer side of the elbow.
• Pain when you straighten or raise your wrist and hand.
• Pain made worse by lifting a heavy object.
• Pain when you make a fist, grip an object, shake hands, or turn door handles.
• Pain that shoots from the elbow down into the forearm or up into the upper arm.

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS:

• Weak muscles.
• Overuse- playing or working with excessive and repetitive forceful gripping.
• Gripping while extending or twisting of the wrist.
• Racquets/ tools that are too heavy or unbalanced.
• Improper equipment- incorrect grip size, strings too tight.
• poor playing technique- too much wrist action, jerky strokes, poor ball contact.

DIAGNOSIS:

X-rays.
MRI.
EMG.

PHYSICAL THERAPY EXAMINATION:

Examination Of Patient

Cozen's test:

Resistive Tennis Elbow Test:The patient sits with the examiner stabilizing the involved elbow while palpating the lateral epicondyle With a closed fist, the patient pronates and radially deviates the forearm and extends the wrist against the examiner’s resistance”. A positive result would be if there is pain along the lateral epicondyle or objective muscle weakness.

TREATMENTS:

Tapping Technique In Tennis Elbow

Medication: Anti-inflammatory medication helps to reduce pain.
Steroid Inection:  Steroids, such as cortisone, are very effective anti-inflammatory medicines.
Rest: You may have temporarily stop the aggravating activity. A period of rest is most important to allow the injury a chance to heal. You will make the condition worse by continuing the activity that cause the injury, especially if you experience pain. Avoid heavy liftting or carrying opening doors or repeatedly shaking hands.
Ice: Apply cold to your elbow three times a day for 20 to 30 minutes at a time in the early painful stage and for 20 minutes after active use of arm. Protect skin by putting a towel between elbow and the ice bag.
Brace: A counter force brace which is and elastic strap that is worn 1-2 inches below the elbow. This type of brace gives compression to the forearm muscle and helps lessen the force that the muscle transmits to the tendon.
Modalities:
Interferential current.
Ultrasound.
Cold pack.
Laser therapy.

Physiotherapy Exercises:

Physiotherapy Treatment in Tennis Elbow

Exercise Of Grip Muscle 

• Resisted wrist extension.
• Resisted wrist flexion.
• Resisted forearm supination and pronation.
• Wrist flexor stretch.
• Wrist extensor stretch.
• Finger extension.
• Hand squeeze.

Strengthening Exercise Using Weight 

Exercise in Tennis Elbow

Wrist range of motion: Bend your wrist forward and backward as far as you can. Repeat 10 times. Do 3 sets.
Forearm range of motion: With your elbow at your side and bent 90 degrees, bring your palm facing up and hold for 5 seconds then slowly turn your palm facing down and hold for 5 seconds. Repeat 10 times. Do 3 sets. Make sure you keep your elbow bent at 90 degrees throughout this exercise.
Elbow range of motion: Gently bring your palm up toward your shoulder and bend your elbow as far as you can. Then straighten your elbow out as far as you can. Repeat 10 times. Do 3 sets
Forearm pronation and supination: Hold a soup can or hammer handle in your hand, with your elbow bent 90 degrees. Slowly rotate your hand with palm upward and then palm down. Repeat 10 times. Do 3 sets.
Wrist extension: Stand up and hold a broom handle in both hands. With your arms at shoulder level, elbows straight and palms down, roll the broom handle backward in your hand as if you are reeling something in using the broom handle. Repeat for 1 minute and then rest. Do 3 sets.
Wrist strengthening.
(1) Wrist flexion: Holding a soup can or hammer handle with your palm up, slowly bend your wrist up. Slowly lower the weight and return to the starting position. Repeat 10 times. Do 3 sets. Gradually increase the weight of the can you are holding.
(2) Wrist extension: Holding a soup can or hammer handle with your palm down, gently bend your wrist up. Slowly lower the weight and return to the starting position. Repeat 10 times. Do 3 sets. Gradually increase the weight of the can you are holding.
(3) Wrist radial deviation: Hold your wrist in the sideways position with your thumb up. Holding a can of soup or . hammer handle, gently bend your wrist up with your thumb reaching towards the ceiling. Slowly lower to the starting position. Do not move your forearm throughout this exercise. Repeat 10 times. Do 3 sets.
Elbow rehabilitation program:
A gradual progression of the exercises is extremely important. Although they may seem easy at first you must follow the enclosed steps closely to prevent an increase or re-aggravation of your symptoms. Before beginning the strengthening exercises you should warm-up your body to a light sweat. Try 3 to 5 minutes of brisk walking, cycling, jogging etc. Do exercises only once a day: more is not better and can re-aggravate your symptoms. Wear the Count’R-Force brace if advised by your therapist or if you experience pain while performing the exercises. Do each exercise at its own rate. You will achieve higher weights faster on some exercises than others. Do each exercise properly and slowly do not work through peavierain.

Stage 1 Exercises:

Keep your elbow bent to 90 degrees. If this is  painful lean forward and bend your elbow even more. Your forearm should be well supported on your thigh or a table.
Begin with no weight, doing 10 to 15 repetitions for each exercise.
Slowly progress the repetitions in sets of 10, every few days as your elbow allows until you are comfortably doing 3 sets of 10 repetitions for 2 consecutive days without increasing your symptoms.
Increase to a one-pound weight (a small can of soup works well). Go back to 10 to 15 repetitions for each exercise.
Slowly work up to 3 sets of 10 repetitions again.
Increase to a two-pound weight and again cut back to 10 to 15 repetitions.
Slowly progress to  3 sets of 10 repetitions.
Continue this gradual progression until you are using a three-pound weight for 3 sets of 10 repetitions without increasing your symptoms.
Progress to next stage as able.

Stage 2 Exercises:

Rubber band and squeeze exercises:
Begin with your elbow bent at your side and progress by performing the exercises with your arm straight out in front of you as able. You should do these two exercises several times a day, every day. It is a good idea to have a ball and rubber band in convenient places like in your car, at your desk, or by the television. Be careful not to overdo these exercises as they can increase your pain.
Ice after exercises.


Related Other Article  :

Bicipital Tendinitis Exercise

Rectus Abdominis Muscle Detail: 8 Pack Muscle

Rectus Abdominis muscle Anatomy

Rectus Abdominis Muscle

 

The rectus abdominis muscle, also known as the  "abs", this is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen. There are two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of connective tissue called the linea alba.

It extends from the pubic symphysis, pubic crest and pubic tubercle inferiorly, to the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs V to VII superiorly. The proximal attachments are the pubic crest and the pubic symphysis. It attaches distally at the costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 and the xiphoid process of the sternum.

The rectus abdominis muscle is contained in the rectus sheath, which consists of the aponeuroses of the lateral abdominal muscles. Bands of connective tissue called the tendinous intersections traverse the rectus abdominus, which separates this parallel muscle into distinct muscle bellies.

The outer, most lateral line, defining the "abs" is the linea semilunaris. In the abdomens of people with low body fat, these bellies can be viewed externally and are commonly referred to as "four", "six", "eight", or even "ten packs", depending on how many are visible; although six is the most common.

Origin/Insertion:

The rectus abdominis is a long flat muscle, which extends along the whole length of the front of the abdomen, and is separated from its fellow of the opposite side by the linea alba.

The upper portion, attached principally to the cartilage of the fifth rib, usually has some fibers of insertion into the anterior extremity of the rib itself.

It's typically around 10 mm thick or 20 mm thick in young athletes such as handball players.

Nerve Supply

The muscles are innervated by thoraco-abdominal nerves, these are continuations of the T7-T11 intercostal nerves and p

ierce the anterior layer of the rectus sheath. Sensory supply is from the 7-12 thoracic nerves.

Blood Supply:

Several arterial blood sources supply the rectus abdominis. Categorization of the muscular vascular structure: The inferior epigastric artery and vein (or veins) supply blood to the lower portion of the muscle by running superiorly on the posterior surface of the rectus abdominis, entering the rectus fascia at the arcuate line.

Second, blood for the upper part is supplied by the superior epigastric artery, a terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery.

Lastly, the lower six intercostal arteries also contribute numerous small segmental amounts.

8 Pack Of Rectus Abdominis Muscle

Action:

The rectus abdominis is an important postural muscle. It is responsible for flexing the lumbar spine, as when doing a so-called  sit up Exercise. The rib cage is brought up to where the pelvis is when the pelvis is fixed, or the pelvis can be brought towards the rib cage (posterior pelvic tilt) when the rib cage is fixed, such as in a leg-hip raise. The two can also be brought together simultaneously when neither is fixed in space.

Sit Up Exercise is Most Common Form Of Exercise Where Rectus Abdominal Musct is Chief Muscle Used In This Action.

Six Pack Abs Workout Video:

Eight Pack Or Six Pack Exercise is most Common And Famous Among People.

Exercise Of Rectus Abdominals:

Following are the Best Exercises of Rectus Abdominis Muscle.

Sit Up Exercise:

Sit Up Exercise

In Supine Position Flexes Both Legas , Hands Behind Head And Flexes The Spine And Heads Towards Knee And Repetation Of Same.

Sit Up Exercise 

Bilateral Leg Elevation In Supine Postion Uses Lower Abdominals Muscle.
Rectus Abdominis is strong Back Flexor Muscle.

Knee To Chest Exercise

To Reduce Lordosis Strengthening Of Rectus Abdominis Muscle is required.
strengthening of Rectus Abdominis And Other Back Flexor Muscle in Back Pain is Most Common And is Called Williams Abdominal Exercise.

Anatomical Variations

A variation of the rectus abdominis or pectoralis major may be the sternalis muscle. Occasionally, some fibers are joined to the side of the xiphoid process and the costoxiphoid ligaments.

Importance of the Muscles

The abdominalis recti, a muscle of the core, contribute to core stability. The rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, erector spinae, and obliques are among the core muscles that work in collaboration to prevent lower back injuries. They look like a natural weight belt. People who have weak core muscles are more likely to have spinal issues.

At the linea alba, there is a midline separation known as diastasis recti abdominis. Diastasis is defined as any visible bulging during physical exertion or a palpable midline gap greater than 2.5 cm. It typically develops around the umbilicus, but it can occur anywhere between the pubic bone and the xiphoid process.

This spread belly is also common in newborns, and it should go away on its own. The majority of premature and African American infants exhibit it.

Assessment

Palpation

To ensure that the patient's muscles are relaxed, place a pillow under their knees and place them in a supine position. Palpate the patient's muscles along their xiphoid process, adjacent ribs, and pubis bone on both sides. After encouraging the patient to lift their trunk, ask them to relax.

Muscle Power Testing

It is more important to evaluate the strength of the abdominal muscles than their flexibility because weak abdominal muscles can lead to serious issues down the road.

When performing MMT for rectus abdominis, the patient is typically asked to raise his or her trunk against gravity while supine until the inferior angles of the scapula are off the table. The therapist then begins to grade the patient based on the patient's performance and capacity to complete the exercise as directed.

Clinical Significance

An injury to one of the abdominal wall's muscles is known as an abdominal muscle strain, sometimes known as a pulled abdominal muscle. Excessive stretching of the muscle results in a strain. The muscle fibers tear when this happens. Usually, a strain results in tiny tears within the muscle, but in extreme cases, the muscle may separate from its attachment.

An accumulation of blood in the rectus abdominis muscle's sheath is known as a rectus sheath hematoma. It can cause pain in the abdomen with or without a mass. Either a muscle tear or an epigastric artery rupture could be the source of the hematoma. Anticoagulation, coughing, pregnancy, abdominal surgery, and trauma are some of the causes of this.

There is evidence that the once-benign condition is becoming more common and serious due to the aging population and the widespread use of anticoagulant medications.

Individuals may have a positive Carnett's sign upon abdominal examination.

Although they usually go away on their own without treatment, hematomas can take months to go away.

Know Your Muscle : Hamstring Muscle Detail

Hamstring (Lower Limb Muscle ):

Hamstring Muscle Detail

In human anatomy, a hamstring is a Group Of three muscle in posterior side of thigh  (from medial to lateral: semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris).

Main Action Of Hamstring is Flexion Of Knee Joint. Working With Quadriceps And Mainly Doing Co-Contraction During Running And Our Day-to-day Activities And Tightness is the most common in this Muscle require Stretching Exercise At Regular Interval.

Common Features Of Hamstring Muscle:

They All Originates Arounds Tibial Tuberocity.
Insertion Below Knee Joint Over Tibia or Fibula.
Innervated By Tibial Nerve Branch Of Sciatic Nerve.
Must Flex The Knee And Extends The Hip Joint

All This Functionality is Compulsory to include in Hamstring Group.


Origin and Insertion of Hamstring muscle:

Semimembranosus: Origin From Ischial Tuberocity And Insertion over Medial Tibial Condyle.

Semitendinosus : Origin Also From Ischial Tuberocity And Insertion Over Medial Surface Of Tibia.

Biceps Femoris (Long Head ) : Origin Also From Ischial Tuberocity And Insertion Over Lateral Side Of The Head Of The Fibula.

Biceps Femoris (Short Head) : Origin From linea aspera & lateral supracondylar line of femur And Insertion Over Lateral Side of the Head of The Fibula with Long Head Common Tendon.

Nerve Supply:

Semimembranosus,Semitendinosus and Biceps Femoris Long Head Nerve Supply is Tibial Nerve Part Of Sciatic Nerve.

Biceps Femoris Short Head Nerve Supply is Common Peroneal Nerve Part Of Sciatic Nerve.

Action of Hamstring Muscle:

Strengthening Exercise Of Hamstring Muscle

Hamstring Muscle Crosses Two Joint So Working Chiefly Over The Knee Joint And Do Strong Action is Knee Flexion And Part time Also Helping in Hip Extension With Gluteus Maximus.

Semimembranosus,Semitendinosus Extends Hip Joint And Flex The Knee Joint And Also Rotate Knee Joint When Knee is Flexed.

Long Head Of Biceps Femoris is Extends The Hip Joint And Both Long And Short Head Flex The Knee Joint And Laterally Rotate The Hip When Knee Flexion Position.

Hamstring is One Of The Strongest Antagonist Muscle As Compared To Other Antagonist Muscle Require All Day To Day Activity Like Running, Jumping, Walking , Squating And Working With Quadriceps and Doing Co-contraction.

Co-Contraction Of Hamstring And Quadriceps Muscle 

Clinical Significance:

Hamstring Muscle is one of the common Muscle that become tight and Require regular stretching exercise to avoid to tear or damage to Muscle and related ligament. Sciatica is also associated with tightness of Hamstring muscles.

Semitendinosus is also used in Surgery of ACL Ligament reconstruction Surgery.

Exercise Of Hamstring Muscle:

Strengthening Of Hamstring  In Standing Position

Strengthening Exercise: Strengthening Exercise In Prone Position With Sandbag in Early Stage And Later Stages Standing Position Body Towards Wall And Flexed With Sand Bag is Most Common Exercise.

Home Based Stretching Exercise Of Hamstring Muscle 

Stretching Exercise: Long Sitting Position And Toe Touch is One Of The Most Common Hamstring Stretching Exercise And This Position in Yoga Called " Paschimotanasan- Yoga Position"

Hamstring Muscle Stretching In Supine Position

Related Article:

Calf Muscle Detail

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Calf Muscle Detail And Exercise :

 Calf Muscle  : ( 2nd Heart - Pumping action) Muscle Of Lower Limb.

Calf Muscle is Located On Back Side Of The Leg And Is Made Of 2 Large Muscle To Join Make Tendo Achiilis.

Muscle Detail Of  Back Side Of Leg

(1) Gastrocnemius Muscle :  is the larger Calf Muscle Forming The Bulge Of Muscle Mass And Visible Beneath the skin.

Gastrocnemius has 2 Heads Which Looks Like Diamond Shape.

Anatomy Of Calf Muscle

(2) The Soleus Muscle:  Small Muscle , Flatt And Underneath The Gastrocnemius Muscle.

A majority of soleus muscle fibers originate from each side of the anterior aponeurosis, attached to the tibia and fibula.

Insertion :

        Both Muscle Insertion Merge Via Tendo Achiilis And The Achilles tendon inserts into the heel bone (calcaneus).

Nerve Supply : 

(Calf Area- Lumbar 4-5 and Sacral 1-5 is of the sacral plexus) 

The sciatic nerve branches off of the sacral plexus in which the tibial and common fibular(Peroneal) nerves are wrapped in one sheath. The tibial nerve eventually separates from the sciatic nerve and innervates the gastrocnemius muscle.

Action Of Calf Muscle :

Calf Muscle Stretching

 Calf Muscle is one of Strong Lower Limb Muscle Which Planter Flex From Ankle Joint. 

This Muscle is Anti Gravity Muscle And Normally All Anti Gravity Muscle Require High Power That's Why All Anti Gravity Muscle Are Bulky And Strong. 

Running, Jumping, Dancing , Cycling All This Activity Use Calf Muscle. 

Jumping is The Highest Uses Calf Muscle.

This Muscle is Also Called 2nd Hearst And Low Use Of This Muscle May Lead Vericose Vein And Oedema Around Ankle.

Sports Person Usually High Use Of This Muscle May Lead Cramps.

Classical Dancers And Gymanatics Also Use Calf Muscle More And Require Special Attention To Develop , strenthen Calf Muscle.

Exercise Of Calf Muscle:

Calf Muscle Strengthening Exercise With Use Of Body Weight

Active Movement in Supine Position is  Simple Planter Flex From Ankle.

Resisted Exercise : Self Resisted Exercise is to High Hill Action In Standing Position.

Calf Muscle Exercise With Full Body Weight Single Leg-Tuff One

Gradually Increase Repetition And Jumping, Running, Cycling Are Other Exercise That Are Useful To Strengthen And Most Common Form Of Exercise.

Calf Muscle Strenthening Exercise With Weight 

Stretching Exercise of Calf muscle : 

Use Of Belt Like And Wrap Around Ankle in Long Sitting With Stretch Towards Ankle is Home Made Calf Exercise.

Home Made Low Intensity Calf Stretching For Elderly

Standing Position :  Both Leg In Same Line Position With Around Minimum Foot Distance With Forward Leg Flexed From Knee And Back Leg Straight , You Will Feel Stretching in Back Calf Muscle And Then Change Leg Again Do Some Practice.

Calf Stretching In Standing Position

Medical Use Of Calf Muscle:

Use Of Calf Muscle in Medical Field is Too Important. Generally Blood Flow Upside Down is Easy But From Ankle To Up Towards Heart , It's Need Calf Muscle Active Exercise, In Paralysis And Other Bed Ridden Patient Ankle Swelling Are Most Common symptoms And That why Physiotherapist Start Active Exercise Of Calf Muscle With Elevation Of Ankle Joint.That's Why This Muscle Also Called 2nd Heart because of its Pumping action.

Related Article :

Hamstring Muscle

All About Quadriceps Muscle